When you learn to read, you don鈥檛 learn just to pronounce words鈥攜ou learn to understand them, and how they work together to convey meaning. In fact, it almost goes without saying that vocabulary is an essential, non-negotiable building block of literacy.听
But there鈥檚 actually a lot to say about vocabulary. And in the context of literacy instruction, it鈥檚 about much more than memorizing and amassing words and definitions.听
If there鈥檚 one word we need to better understand to explore the importance of vocabulary, it鈥檚鈥�vocabulary. So let鈥檚 explore the word鈥檚 full definition, as well as how it fits into best practices in literacy instruction.
Why is teaching vocabulary important?聽
Vocabulary is one of the five foundational skills in reading and a key strand in the Reading Rope. As a word, it refers to the collection of words that we understand and use in language.听
Vocabulary includes both the words we recognize and comprehend when reading or listening (receptive vocabulary) and the words we can use accurately and effectively when speaking or writing (expressive vocabulary).听
But our vocabulary isn鈥檛 just a list of words and their definitions. 鈥淲ords are interrelated,鈥� says Nancy Hennessey, former president of the International Dyslexia Association, on Science of Reading: The Podcast. 鈥淲e鈥檙e storing words in networks of meaning.鈥�
Entwined in those networks is background knowledge. We can memorize words in a vacuum, but they鈥檙e not really part of our vocabulary until and unless they鈥檙e grounded in what we know.
鈥淏ackground knowledge and vocabulary are the main support beams in the comprehension house,鈥� says Hennessey.听
How to teach vocabulary as students grow
First, it鈥檚 important to note that tactics and emphasis can and should shift as readers develop skills. As Hennessey notes, we can measure vocabulary in terms of both breadth and depth. These elements play distinct yet complementary roles in literacy development.
Vocabulary breadth refers to the sheer number of words a reader knows and recognizes. A broad vocabulary enables readers to understand a wide range of texts and communicate effectively in various contexts.
In the early stages of reading development, educators might emphasize increasing vocabulary breadth鈥攅xposing readers to a wide variety of texts, books, conversations, and experiences. In this way, new readers start building a foundation of familiar words that they can understand and use.
As students learn more, instruction can shift from breadth to depth. Here鈥檚 where educators dig into the intricacies of word meanings鈥攅xploring synonyms, antonyms, contexts, and connotations. A deep vocabulary allows readers to grasp subtle nuances in language and engage in more sophisticated forms of expression and comprehension.
Vocabulary activities and instruction
Hennessey has developed a four-pronged approach to vocabulary instruction, grounded in the . The four prongs are:
- Intentional instruction: explicitly teaching the meaning of specific words.
- 鈥淚ncidental-on-purpose鈥� instruction: helping students understand new words as they come up.
- Intentional teaching of independent word learning strategies: giving students tools to help them determine the meaning of words on their own (e.g., using morphology, context clues, or even glossaries).
- Development of 鈥渨ord consciousness鈥�: getting students interested in how words work to convey meaning, uses of figurative language, etc.听
鈥淭hese approaches are based on the fact that we know we need to explicitly teach words,鈥� Hennessey says, 鈥渂ut we also need to continue developing vocabulary through oral experience and reading, because we can’t teach all the words that our students need to know.鈥�
In the context of literacy development, vocabulary instruction is not rote memorization of lists of words. And, according to Hennessey, that鈥檚 not the way kids relate to it either. Students bring natural interest and curiosity to exploring figurative language, playing with palindromes, and finding and learning what she calls 鈥�$20 words.鈥澛�
When we integrate these activities into incidental or incidental-on-purpose instruction, Hennessey says, 鈥渨e can embed this excitement and understanding of how words play such an important role in our lives.鈥�
